Cyclic hydroxylamine as psychoactive compounds

ABSTRACT

A compound of formula (I): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which—
         X represents O or CH 2 ;   R 3  and R 4  each independently represent hydrogen or C 1-6  alkyl;   p represent 0 or 1; and   R represents a five- or six-membered saturated or unsaturated ring selected from:       

     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or
         R represents a five- or six-membered oxo-substituted unsaturated ring selected from:       

     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein R 1  and R 2  together represent an oxo group, or R 1  and R 2  each represent hydrogen, methoxy or ethoxy, or R 1  and R 2  together with the interjacent carbon atom represent a 1,3-dioxolane or 1,3-dioxane ring, attached via the 2 position and optionally bearing one or more methyl or ethyl groups;
         or a salt thereof, is suitable for the treatment of anxiety and depression.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 12/801,568 filed Jun. 15, 2010 which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/559,180 filed Feb. 2, 2006 which is a 371 of PCT/GB2004/002324 filed Jun. 1, 2004 which designated the U.S. and claims priority to British Application Nos. 0313628.0 filed Jun. 12, 2003, and 0328439.5 filed Dec. 8, 2003, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

This invention relates to psychoactive compounds suitable for the treatment of anxiety and depression. In particular, this invention relates to novel hydroxylamine compounds such as ring-opened derivatives of isoxazole compounds and their analogues, their preparation, pharmaceutical formulations thereof and their use in medicine.

A number of psychoactive compounds are known for use in the treatment of anxiety and depression. Diazepam (a benzodiazepine) is well-known, and widely used as an anxiolytic and anti-depressant. Other known psychoactive compounds include certain tricyclic fused benzo[d]isoxazole compounds having the structure shown below in formula (A), as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,988 (Boyd et al./British Technology Group Ltd.):

in which X′ is O, S, C═O or NR′ wherein R′ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl or C₇₋₁₂ phenalkyl, R₁′ and R₂′ each represent hydrogen or together represent an oxo group and R₃′, R₄′ and R₅′ each represent hydrogen or R₁′ represents hydrogen and two of R₂′, R₃′, R₄′ and R₅′ together represent the second bond of a double bond joining positions 7 and 8, 8 and 9 or 9 and 10 with the remaining two of R₂′, R₃′, R₄′ and R₅′ representing hydrogen, or a salt thereof.

It has been found that, although the compounds of formula (A) demonstrate good efficacy as anxiolytic agents, their efficacy in the treatment of depression is less than ideal. There is therefore a need for new compounds that are effective in the treatment of both anxiety and depression, in particular for the treatment of pathologies in which both conditions occur. The present invention addresses that need.

The following compounds are known as synthetic intermediates:

2-Phenylpiperidin-1-ol is mentioned in the following papers:

-   “Regiochemistry of mercury(II) oxide oxidation of unsymmetrical     N,N-disubstituted hydroxylamines.” Tetrandron (1996), 52(47),     14917-28 (Ali et al.); -   “Reaction of pyridine and quinoline N-oxides with phenylmagnesium     bromide.” Y. Org. Chem. (1965), 30(3), 910-13 (Kato et al.); -   “Cyclic nitrones (I): dimeric 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine N-oxides.”     Chem. Ber., vol. 89, 2159-67 (1956) (Thesing et al.).

2-Benzylpiperidin-1-ol is mentioned in the following papers:

-   “Synthesis and cycloaddition of 6-substituted     3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-oxides.” J. Chem. Res., Synop. (1994),     (2), 54-5 (Ali et al.); -   “Mercury(II) oxide oxidation of 2-substituted N-hydroxypiperidine: a     solution to the regiochemical problem.” Tet. Lett. (1993), 34(33),     5325-6 (Ali et al.).

However, there is no disclosure of the compounds for use as pharmaceuticals.

Accordingly, the present invention provides in a first aspect a compound of formula (I):

in which—

X represents O or CH₂;

R³ and R⁴ each independently represent hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl;

p represent 0 or 1; and

R represents a five- or six-membered saturated or unsaturated ring selected from:

or

R represents a five- or six-membered oxo-substituted unsaturated ring selected from:

wherein R¹ and R² together represent an oxo group, or R¹ and R² each represent hydrogen, methoxy or ethoxy, or R¹ and R² together with the interjacent carbon atom represent a 1,3-dioxolane or 1,3-dioxane ring, attached via the 2 position and optionally bearing one or more methyl or ethyl groups;

or a tautomer thereof;

or a salt thereof;

for use as a pharmaceutical.

In the case where R represents a five- or six-membered oxo-substituted unsaturated ring selected from:

wherein R¹ and R² together represent an oxo group, or an acetal thereof, wherein R¹ and R² each represent methoxy or ethoxy, or R¹ and R² together with the interjacent carbon atom represent a 1,3-dioxolane or 1,3-dioxane ring, attached via the 2 position and optionally bearing one or more methyl or ethyl groups, then preferably p represents 0. The invention thus preferably embraces compounds of formula (IA), (IB), (IC) (ID), (IE) and (IF):

as well as ketones of formula (IG) and (IH):

and acetals of the ketones of formula (IG) or (IH) with methanol or ethanol; or with ethane-1,2-diol or propane-1,2-diol, optionally bearing one or more methyl or ethyl groups.

When R¹ and R² together with the interjacent carbon atom represent a 1,3-dioxolane or 1,3-dioxane ring bearing one or more methyl or ethyl groups, preferably one methyl or ethyl group is positioned adjacent to each of the oxygen atoms in the 1,3-dioxolane or 1,3-dioxane ring. Preferably these are in the trans orientation, giving a compound such as:

Such compounds might be hydrolysed in vivo to produce the corresponding compound of formula (I) in which R¹ and R² together represent an oxo group. The compounds having the 3-dioxolane or 1,3-dioxane ring therefore represent potential prodrugs.

However, preferably R¹ and R² together represent an oxo group.

In the case where R represents a five- or six-membered oxo-substituted unsaturated ring selected from:

then preferably X is O.

Synthesis is facilitated if the heterocyclic ring demonstrates some symmetry Thus preferably R³ and R⁴ are identical. Preferably R³ and R⁴ each represents hydrogen.

In a second aspect, the present invention provides a compound of formula (II):

in which—

R³ and R⁴ each independently represent hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl;

p represent 0 or 1; and

R represents a five- or six-membered saturated or unsaturated ring selected from:

or

R represents a five- or six-membered oxo-substituted unsaturated ring selected from:

wherein R¹ and R² together represent an oxo group, or R¹ and R² each represent hydrogen, methoxy or ethoxy, or R¹ and R² together with the interjacent carbon atom represent a 1,3-dioxolane or 1,3-dioxane ring, attached via the 2 position and optionally bearing one or more methyl or ethyl groups;

or a tautomer thereof;

or a salt thereof.

A further preferred embodiment of the present invention is a compound of formula (III):

in which—

R¹ and R² each represent hydrogen or together represent an oxo group;

or a salt thereof.

In this specification the term “alkyl” includes both straight and branched chain groups, as well as saturated and unsaturated groups.

When R¹ and R² together represent an oxo group, certain compounds of the invention might exist as tautomers where the N-hydroxyl group has reacted with the carbonyl group to form a hemiacetal of formula (IV) or (V):

Thus the hemiacetals of formula (IV) and (V) are within the scope of the invention.

As indicated above, the compounds of the invention may exist in the form of a salt, preferably an amine salt. Such salts may be formed with a physiologically acceptable inorganic or organic acid. Physiologically acceptable acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, isethionic, acetic, fumaric, maleic, salicylic, p-toluenesulfonic, tartaric, citric, lactobionic, formic, malonic, pantothenic, succinic, naphthalene-2-sulfonic, benzenesulfonic, methanesulfonic and ethanesulfonic acid. Hydrochloric acid is preferred. However, in general it is preferred to use the free base rather than the salt.

The compounds of the invention possess a chiral centre (denoted *) at the carbon atom adjacent the nitrogen of the N—OH group. It will be appreciated that the compounds of the invention can be resolved into their enantiomeric forms, or exist as a racemate. Depending on the nature of the substituents, a number of diastereoisomers is also possible.

In the case where p represents 0 and R represents a five- or six-membered oxo-substituted unsaturated ring selected from:

the compounds of the invention may be prepared by the reaction of a compound of formula (VI) or (VIA) with a compound of formula (VII):

in which R¹, R² and X are as defined with respect to formula (I). It will be appreciated that this will be most straightforward when R¹ and R² together represent an oxo group, as the double bond compound of formula (VI) or (VIA) will then be activated by the presence of the carbonyl group. Other electron-withdrawing groups would also facilitate reaction.

The reaction is preferably carried out by combining the compounds of formulae (VI) or (VIA) and (VII) at a temperature in the range of from room temperature to 100 C, and then heating the reaction mixture to a temperature in the range of from 50 to 150° C., more preferably 55 to 65° C. for several hours in a suitable solvent. Ambient pressure may be used, but preferably the reaction is carried out at ultrahigh pressure in a sealed tube. The compound of formula (VI) or (VIA) may itself be a suitable solvent for the reaction; for example, in the case where R¹ and R² together represent an oxo group, the resultant 2-cyclohexenone and 2-cyclopentenone are both readily available.

The compound of formula (I) is thereby produced via the formation of a tricyclic intermediate of formula (VIII) or (VIIIA):

which may be isolated or left to remain in situ. Protonation of the intermediate (VIII) or (VIIIA), or a corresponding base-catalysed reaction, leads to the formation of compound (I). Ring opening presumably appears by an E1cb elimination (“cb” denoting “conjugate base”), or the corresponding acid-catalysed reaction, preferably at elevated temperature.

The compound of formula (VII) is preferably formed in situ from a compound of formula (IX):

via oxidation, preferably a pertungstate-catalysed oxidation. The nitrone (VII) has a tendency to polymerise and, if it needs to be isolated, care should be taken to avoid polymerise happening by storing in a freezer.

Any of the compounds of the invention may also be prepared by the reaction of a Grignard reagent of formula R(CH₂)_(p)MgHal with a compound of formula (VII):

in which Hal represents halide and R, R¹, R² and X are as defined with respect to formula (I). We have fund that the Grignard reagents prepared using a chloride anion to be perfectly satisfactory.

The reaction is preferably carried out by combining the Grignard reagent of formula R(CH₂)_(p)MgHal with the compound of formula (VII) at a temperature of −10° C., and then holding the reaction mixture at a temperature of 0° C. in a suitable solvent. Tetrahydrofuran is a suitable solvent for the reaction.

It will be appreciated that the compounds of formula (I) may also be prepared by modifications of these processes and by other alternative processes, which will be apparent to a person skilled in the chemical art.

The compounds of the invention have been found to effective in the treatment of both anxiety and depression. They are particularly useful for the treatment of anxiogenesis caused by withdrawal from benzodiazepines (as they exhibit cross tolerance with these benzodiazepines in comparison with buspirone, for example, which does not). The compounds are also of use in the treatment of anxiogenesis caused by abruptly ceasing the administration of drugs of abuse such as nicotine, alcohol and cocaine.

The dosage level of the compounds of formula (I) required to achieve effective anxiolysis or anti-depressant activity will vary with the mammal treated and will depend on factors such as the mammal's body weight, its surface area, age and general state of health. It will also depend upon the mode of administration. Dosage levels of 0.01 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg, particularly 1 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg, are suitable. Depending upon the nature and severity of the condition being treated, the doses may be repeated up to 2 or 3 times per day during the period of treatment. Doses outside these ranges may be administered if appropriate.

The compounds of formula (I) may be administered using oral, rectal, parenteral, subcutaneous or topical routes.

The compounds of formula (I) may be administered alone or together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as an excipient or diluent. The invention therefore further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor. The composition may further comprise additional therapeutic agent(s) or ingredient(s).

The compounds and compositions of the invention may conveniently be presented as unit dosage forms prepared using techniques that are well known to a person skilled in the art. In general, preparation of the unit dosage form includes the step of bringing one or more therapeutically active compounds into association with the carrier. The active compound(s) or and/or carrier ingredient(s) are preferably in the form of a finely divided solid or a liquid.

Compositions suitable for oral administration include discreet units such as tablets, capsules, caplets, cachets or lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the therapeutic compound. Solutions and suspensions of the therapeutic compound in an aqueous or a non-aqueous liquid are also suitable for oral administration and include syrups, elixirs and emulsions. The compound may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.

Administration of the compound by a parenteral routes includes intravenous, intraperitoneal, intra-muscular and intra-articular administration. Compositions suitable for parenteral administration conveniently include a sterile aqueous preparation of the active compound, suitable for injection or infusion

Compositions suitable for topical administration include lotions, creams and pastes. The compositions of the invention may also be presented in the form of an aerosol or a suppository.

Accordingly the present invention also provides a method for preventing or alleviating the symptoms of anxiety and/or depression, which method comprises administering to a patient in need of such treatment, particularly a warm-blooded animal such as a human, a non-toxic, therapeutically effective amount of a compound of a compound of formula (I), or a salt thereof, or a composition containing such a compound.

The invention also includes a compound of formula (I) for use as a medicament, and the use of a compound of formula (I), or a salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for treatment of both anxiety and depression, particularly for the treatment of anxiogenesis caused by withdrawal from benzodiazepines, or caused by abruptly ceasing the administration of drugs of abuse such as nicotine, alcohol and cocaine.

The invention will now be described by reference to the following Examples. Variations on these Examples falling within the scope of the invention will be apparent to a person skilled in the art.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Preparation of 2-(4-hydroxy-3-morpholinyl)-2-cyclohexenone

Morpholine (10.97 g; 0.126 M) and sodium tungstate hydrate (1.54 g; 4.67 mM) were cooled to 0° C. in a 250 mL flask. Hydrogen peroxide (32.5 mL (30% aq.); 0.286 mM) was slowly added, keeping the reaction temperature at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for a further 1.5 h and excess hydrogen peroxide was destroyed using sodium bisulfate. 2-Cyclohexenone (12.1 mL; 0.12 5M) was added slowly to the flask, and the reaction mixture was stirred for a further 48 h. The reaction mixture was heated to 55° C. for 2 h and then 65° C. for a further 2 h. The reaction mixture was then poured into aqueous sodium chloride and was extracted with dichloromethane (

100 mL). The organic layer was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, separated and dried over magnesium sulfate. Removal of the solvent gave a light brown oil, which was subjected to Kugelrohr distillation at 50-60° C. under vacuum, producing a dark oil (3.5 g; 14%). The compound was further purified by chromatography on a silica column using a dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂): acetonitrile (CH₃CN) eluent (5:1; 0.27).

δ_(max) (cm⁻¹)=3435 (OH); 2958, 2941, 2916, 2901, 2874 (CH); 2777w; 1699s (C═O); 1476; 1101.

Acc. Mass spectrometry: calculated=198.1130 (MH⁺). found=198.1130.

Example 2 Preparation of 3-phenylmorpholin-4-ol

Activated MnO₂ (0.65 g, 7.41 mmol) was added to a solution of N-hydroxymorpholine (0.25 g, 2.47 mmol) in dichloromethane (15 mL) at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite™ and Na₂SO₄. The filtrate was added dropwise to a solution of phenylmagnesium chloride (2.0 M in tetrahydrofuran, 2.47 mL, 4.94 mmol) at −10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h and then saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (15 mL) and dichloromethane (15 mL) were added. The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with dichloromethane (2×20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was subjected to flash chromatography on SiO₂ eluting with 25% diethyl ether in hexanes to give the title compound (0.045 g, 11%) as a white crystalline solid.

δ_(max) (Nujol™ mull)/cm⁻¹ 3201 (br., O—H), 1104 (s, C—O)

δ_(H) (300 MHz): 7.22 (m, 5H), 3.85 (d, 1H, J=10.5 Hz), 3.72-3.50 (m, 3H), 3.31 (t, 1H, J=10.5 Hz), 3.12 (d, 1H, J=10.5 Hz), 2.81 (td, 1H, J₁=11.2 Hz, J₂=3.4 Hz).

δ_(C) (75.5 MHz): 138.1 (O), 128.6 (1), 127.9 (1), 72.45 (2), 72.16 (1), 66.78 (2), 57.67 (2).

HRMS (electrospray mode): m/z=180.1026710 (MH⁺) (calc. 180.1019051).

Example 3 Preparation of 3-benzylmorpholin-4-ol [P2]

Activated MnO₂ (1.29 g, 14.8 mmol) was added to a solution of N-hydroxymorpholine (0.50 g, 4.95 mmol) in dichloromethane (25 mL) at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite™ and Na₂SO₄. The filtrate was added dropwise to a solution of benzylmagnesium chloride (2.0 M in tetrahydrofuran, 4.95 mL, 9.90 mmol) at −10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h and then saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (25 mL) and dichloromethane (25 mL) were added. The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with dichloromethane (

130 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was subjected to flash chromatography on SiO₂ eluting with 25% diethyl ether in hexanes to give the title compound (0.326 g, 34%) as a white crystalline solid.

δ_(max) (Nujol™ mull)/cm⁻¹ 3203 (br., O—H), 1107 (s, C—O).

δ_(H) (300 MHz): 7.23 (m, 5H), 3.89 (d, 1H, J=11.7 Hz), 3.74-3.56 (m, 2H), 3.44 (d, 1H, J=13.0 Hz), 3.23 (m, 2H), 2.87 (m, 2H), 2.39 (t, 1H, J=10.5 Hz).

δ_(C) (75.5 MHz): 137.7 (O), 129.2 (1), 128.5 (1), 126.4 (1), 70.22 (2), 67.76 (1), 66.60 (2), 58.60 (2), 35.85 (1).

HRMS (electrospray mode)=194.1186060 (MH⁺) (calc. 194.1175552).

Example 4 Preparation of 3-cyclohexylmorpholin-4-ol

Activated MnO₂ (1.29 g, 14.8 mmol) was added to a solution of N-hydroxymorpholine (0.50 g, 4.95 mmol) in dichloromethane (25 mL) at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite™ and Na₂SO₄. The filtrate was added dropwise to a solution of cyclohexylmagnesium chloride (2.0 M in diethyl ether, 4.95 mL, 9.90 mmol) at −10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h and then saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (25 mL) and dichloromethane (25 mL) were added. The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with dichloromethane (

30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was subjected to flash chromatography on SiO₂ eluting with 50% diethyl ether in hexanes to give the title compound (0.220 g, 24%) as a white crystalline solid.

ν_(max) (Nujol™ mull)/cm⁻¹ 3203 (br., O—H), 1107 (s, C—O).

δ_(H) (300 MHz): 3.84 (m, 1H), 3.55 (t, 1H, J=11.3 Hz), 3.17 (d, 1H, J=10.5 Hz), 2.79 (t, 1H, J=10.5 Hz), 2.46 (d, 1H, J=9.8 Hz), 2.06-1.45 (m, 6H), 1.35-0.82 (m, 6H).

δ_(C) (75.5 MHz): 70.83 (1), 67.42 (2), 66.29 (2), 58.84 (2), 36.71 (1), 30.14 (2), 27.64 (2), 26.96 (2), 26.75 (2).

HRMS (electrospray mode)=186.1496690 (MH⁺) (calc. 186.1488553).

Example 5 Preparation of 3-cyclopentylmorpholin-4-ol

Activated MnO₂ (1.29 g, 14.8 mmol) was added to a solution of N-hydroxymorpholine (0.50 g, 4.95 mmol) in dichloromethane (25 mL) at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite™ and Na₂SO₄. The filtrate was added dropwise to a solution of cyclopentylmagnesium chloride (2.0 M in diethyl ether, 4.95 mL, 9.90 mmol) at −10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h and then saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (25 mL) and dichloromethane (25 mL) were added. The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with dichloromethane (

30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was subjected to flash chromatography on SiO₂ eluting with 70% diethyl ether in hexanes to give the title compound (0.246 g, 29%) as a white crystalline solid.

ν_(max) (Nujol™ mull)/cm⁻¹ 3233 (br., O—H), 1118 (s, C—O).

δ_(H) (300 MHz): 3.90 (t, 2H, J=9.9 Hz), 3.55 (t, 1H, J=10.7 Hz), 3.30 (t, 1H, J=10.3 Hz), 3.15 (d, 1H, J=11.1 Hz), 2.80 (t, 1H, J=10.4 Hz), 2.57 (m, 1H), 2.19 (m, 1H), 1.89 (m, 1H), 1.73-1.02 (m, 7H)

δ_(C) (75.5 MHz): 69.31 (1), 67.91 (2), 65.65 (2), 57.83 (2), 39.91 (1), 30.80 (2), 28.19 (2), 24.89 (2).

HRMS (electrospray mode)=172.1327720 (MH⁺) (calc. 172.1332052)

Example 6 Preparation of 2-phenylpiperidin-1-ol

Activated MnO₂ (1.29 g, 14.8 mmol) was added to a solution of N-hydroxypiperidine (0.50 g, 4.95 mmol) in dichloromethane (25 mL) at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite™ and Na₂SO₄. The filtrate was added dropwise to a solution of phenylmagnesium chloride (2.0 M in tetrahydrofuran, 4.95 mL, 9.90 mmol) at −10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h and then saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (25 mL) and dichloromethane (25 mL) were added. The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with dichloromethane (

30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was subjected to flash chromatography on SiO₂ eluting with 30% diethyl ether in hexanes to give the title compound (0.330 g, 38%) as a white crystalline solid.

ν_(max) (Nujol™ mull)/cm⁻¹ 3204 (br., O—H).

δ_(H) (300 MHz): 7.30 (m, 5H), 3.34 (m, 2H), 2.59 (t, 1H, J=11.0 Hz), 1.87-1.50 (m, 3H), 1.36 (m, 1H).

δ_(C) (75.5 MHz): 143.4 (O), 128.4 (1), 127.4 (1), 127.1 (1), 73.51 (1), 58.94 (2), 35.21 (2), 25.83 (2), 24.07 (2).

HRMS (electrospray mode)=178.1223660 (MH⁺) (calc. 178.1226406).

Example 7 Preparation of 2-benzylpiperidin-1-ol

Activated MnO₂ (1.29 g, 14.8 mmol) was added to a solution of N-hydroxypiperidine (0.50 g, 4.95 mmol) in dichloromethane (25 mL) at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite™ and Na₂SO₄. The filtrate was added dropwise to a solution of benzylmagnesium chloride (2.0 M in tetrahydrofuran, 4.95 mL, 9.90 mmol) at −10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h and then saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (25 mL) and dichloromethane (25 mL) were added. The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with dichloromethane (

30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was subjected to flash chromatography on SiO₂ eluting with 60% diethyl ether in hexanes to give the title compound (0.309 g, 33%) as a white crystalline solid.

ν_(max) (Nujol™ mull)/cm⁻¹ 3212 (br., O—H).

δ_(H) (300 MHz): 7.24 (m, 5H), 3.65 (d, 1H, J=10.5 Hz), 3.40 (d, 1H, J=10.4 Hz), 2.66-2.48 (m, 2H), 2.40 (t, 1H, J=11.2 Hz), 1.79-1.48 (m, 4H), 1.26-1.00 (m, 2H).

δ_(C) (75.5 MHz): 139.3 (O), 129.6 (1), 128.2 (1), 126.0 (1), 69.28 (1), 59.78 (2), 39.95 (2), 30.62 (2), 25.92 (2), 23.53 (2).

HRMS (electrospray mode)=192.1377940 (MH⁺) (calc. 192.1382906).

Example 8 Preparation of 2-cyclohexylpiperidin-1-ol

Activated MnO₂ (1.29 g, 14.8 mmol) was added to a solution of N-hydroxypiperidine (0.50 g, 4.95 mmol) in dichloromethane (25 mL) at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite™ and Na₂SO₄. The filtrate was added dropwise to a solution of cyclohexylmagnesium chloride (2.0 M in diethyl ether, 4.95 mL, 9.90 mmol) at −10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h and then saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (25 mL) and dichloromethane (25 mL) were added. The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with dichloromethane (

30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was subjected to flash chromatography on SiO₂ eluting with 40% diethyl ether in hexanes to give the title compound (0.241 g, 27%) as a white crystalline solid.

ν_(max) (Nujol™ mull)/cm⁻¹ 3195 (br., O—H).

δ_(H) (300 MHz): 3.32 (d, 1H, J=10.9 Hz), 2.49 (t, 1H, J=11.7 Hz), 2.16 (d, 1H, J=10.4 Hz), 2.04 (t, 1H, J=12.2 Hz), 1.84-0.90 (m, 16H).

δ_(C) (75.5 MHz): 72.55 (1), 60.27 (2), 38.03 (1), 30.36 (2), 27.07 (2), 26.97 (2), 26.69 (2), 25.73 (2), 23.92 (2).

HRMS (electrospray mode)=184.1690950 (MH⁺) (calc. 184.1695908).

Example 9 2,6-dimethyl-3-phenylmorpholin-4-ol

9.1. Preparation of 1-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylmorpholine

2,6-Dimethylmorpholine (26.74 mL, 0.22 mmol) was cooled to 0° C. and hydrogen peroxide (32.2 mL, 27.5%, 0.26 mmol) was added as drops with stirring. The solution was stored for six hours at 0° C. (danger of exotherm). The product was extracted into ether and the organic phase was separated dried (magnesium sulfate) and concentrated. Chromatography on silica gel using ether petrol (7:3) as the eluent gave the product (17%) as mixture of syn and anti diastereoisomers, which was used immediately in the preparation of the nitrone.

9.2. Preparation of 2,6-dimethyl-3-phenylmorpholin-4-ol

Activated MnO₂ (0.50 g, 1.91 mmol) was added to a solution of 1-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylmorpholine (0.25 g, 5.72 mmol) in dichloromethane (15 mL) at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite™ and Na₂SO₄. The filtrate was added dropwise to a solution of phenylmagnesium chloride (2.0 M in tetrahydrofuran, 1.91 mL, 3.82 mmol) at −10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h and then saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (15 mL) and dichloromethane (15 mL) were added. The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with dichloromethane (

20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was subjected to flash chromatography on SiO₂ eluting with 60% diethyl ether in hexanes to give the title compound (0.11 g, 28%) as a white crystalline solid.

ν_(max) (Nujol™ mull)/cm⁻¹ 3325 (br., O—H).

δ_(H) (300 MHz): 7.59 (m, 2H), 7.36 (m, 3H), 4.22 (s, 1H), 4.00 (m, 2H), 2.86 (m, 2H), 1.31 (d, 3H, J=6.2 Hz), 1.12 (d, 3H, J=6.6 Hz).

δ_(C) (75.5 MHz): 132.2 (1), 127.9 (1), 127.8 (1), 70.72 (1), 69.92 (1), 56.57 (2), 19.05 (3), 18.36 (3).

HRMS (electrospray mode)=208.1332052 (MH⁺) (calc. 208.1329280).

Example 10 Anxiolytic Activity—Black and White Box Test

The anxiolytic effect of the compound of Example 1 (Abio 09/01) was compared with that of the marketed anxiolytic drug, diazepam, and the corresponding compound of formula (A), namely cis-1,2,3,4,5,6a,7,8,9,10a,10b-dodeca-1,4-oxazino-[3′,′:2,3]benzo[d]isoxazol-4-one (hereinafter referred to as Comparative Compound A). In this test model, the effect of a stressful stimulus on the exploratory behaviour of mice receiving a control or a therapeutic amount of one of the compounds referred to in Table 1 was investigated.

TABLE 1 Group No. of animals Substance Dose 1 10 Vehicle   0 2 10 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg 3 10 Comparative Compound A  0.1 mg/kg 4 10 Ex. 1 (Abio 09/01)  0.1 mg/kg 

The black and white box comprised a Plexiglas open-topped box (4

2

27 cm high) positioned on a bench 86.5 cm above the floor level in a dark and quiet room. The test box was divided into two compartments (ratio 2:3) by a partition (height 60 cm). Two fifths (⅖) of the box was painted lack and illuminated with a red light (

15 W; 10 lux); the remainder of the box was painted white and illuminated with a 60 W (400 lux) light source. The red and white lights are positioned 17 cm above the box. The partition is black on the side facing the black compartment and white on the side facing the white compartment. The compartments are connected by a 7.5 c

7.5 cm opening in the centre bottom of the partition. The floor of the white compartment is divided into nine fields, and the floor of the black compartment is divided into six fields. The test room is separated into two parts by a black curtain. The drug treatment takes place in one part of the room using a minimum red light; the other part of the room, without lights, contains the test system.

In this test system, normal animals show a preference for exploration, measured as rearing behaviour, line crossing and time spent in the black section as a consequence of the aversive properties of the brightly lit white area. The characteristic action of anxiolytic agents from the benzodiazepine series is to disinhibit the suppressed behaviour, causing a redistribution of exploratory activity in the white section. Black and white box tests have been validated in mice, which are the more suitable species for this procedure (Costall et al., Pharm. Bioch. & Behaviour, 32, 777-785 (1989)).

Naïve BKW male albino mice of 30 to 35 g were used in all studies. 10 mice were normally housed in each cage and kept for at least two weeks on a 12 hour light/dark cycle with lights off at 07.00 h. Behavioural testing was conducted between 13.00 and 18.00 h in a darkened room illuminated with red light. Mice were taken from the dark holding room to the testing room in an enclosed trolley and allowed at least 1 h for adaptation to the new environment.

The animals each receive a control or an active agent intraperitoneally 40 minutes before testing. At the start of the test the mice are placed into the white section of the box, facing the wall opposite to the partition and their behaviour is recorded by remote video over a 5-minute experimental period.

The results are shown in Table 2 below, wherein TB=time in white section; FI=Initial potency; PT=Total passages through the partition; A_(tot)=Total exploratory activity; C_(tot)=total number of crossings; R_(tot)=Total number of rearings; RB/TB=rearings in the white compartment/time in white; CB/TB=crossings in the white compartment/time in white; RN/TN=rearings in the black compartment/time in black; CN/TN=crossings in the black compartment/time in black.

TABLE 2 Diazepam Ex. 1 (Abio 09/01) Comparative Compound A 1.25 mg/kg 0.1 mg/kg 0.1 mg/kg TB +33.2 +53.4 +52.1 FI +12.7 +11.5 +8.1 PT +1.5 +0.9 +4.1 A_(tot) +46.7 +10.4 +53.7 C_(tot) +30.7 +7.5 +19.1 R_(tot) +21.2 +5 +23.9 RB/TB +0.06 +0.02 +0.04 RN/TN +0.09 +0.06 +0.13 CB/TB +0.08 −0.05 +0.01 CN/TN +0.1 0.08 +0.08

Example 11 Anxiolytic Activity—Elevated Plus Maze in Rats

The X-maze is constructed from Perspex® and comprises four arms (2 open, 2 closed), each 50 cm long by 9.5 wide and 40 high (closed arms only) connected by a centre square (9.

9.5). The open arm has a small lip (3 mm) to assist in the retention of the rat on the arm. The apparatus was housed in a room under subdued lighting conditions.

This model is based on the observation of spontaneous activity of rodents placed in an aversive environment produced by height and often spaces. The open arms evoke more fears, and this results in less exploration. Anxiolytic drugs increase the exploratory activity and the number of entries into the open arms. Rats were allowed at least 1 hour to acclimatise to the environment before testing commenced. Drug treatments were given IP in a pseudo-random, blind design, 40 minutes before behavioural testing, as appropriate. Rats were placed onto the centre square of the X-maze facing a specified open arm, and its behaviour was recorded by remote video over a 5 minute experimental period. The behavioural parameters were subsequently assessed by technicians reviewing the videotape and included: entries into each arm type, time spent on each arm type, rearing, stretch attend postures and head dips. The results are shown in Table 3 below.

TABLE 3 Comparative Ex. 1 Compound A (Abio 09/01) In open arms Vehicle Diazepam 0.125 mg/kg 0.125 mg/kg % time spent  11 ± 4% 25 ± 5% 21 ± 11%  39 ± 10% No. of entries 1.8 ± 0.5  4 ± 0.6  3 ± 1.1 5.2 ± 1.4

Example 12 Antidepressant Activity

The “Escape deficit” test that derives from the classic paradigm of “learned helplessness” was used, as described by Meloni et al. in Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 46, 423-6 (1993) and Gambarana et al. in Behav. Pharmacol. 6, 66-73 (1995) and Neuropsychopharmacol. 21, 247-57 (1999). Exposure to an unavoidable stress induces hyperactive behaviour, which, after 24 hours, makes the rats unable to escape from a nociceptive stimulus. Rats exposed to unavoidable stress make 0-5 escapes out of 30 trials, while naïve rats realise 26-30 escapes. Classical anti-depressives prevent the occurrence of the escape deficit after chronic treatment (15 days).

Rats were treated intra-peritoneally (IP) for 15 days, and then submitted to the unavoidable stress (16 hours after the last dosing) prior to being subjected to the escape test (24 hours after the last dosing). The results are shown in Table 4 below.

TABLE 4 Treatment No. of escapes Naïve 24.2 ± 0.9  Vehicle 1.7 ± 0.4 Comparative Compound A 3.5 ± 0.9 Ex. 1 (Abio 09/01) 23.3 ± 1.3 

Examples 10-12 Conclusions

From these results can be seen that, although the anxiolytic effects of the compound of this invention and the comparative prior art compound (being compounds of the same class) are similar, the success of the compound of the invention in the test for antidepressant activity is significantly greater than that of the comparative prior art compound. In the results reported here, the compound of the invention results in bringing the animal's behaviour back to the level of naïve animals (who had not been subjected to the unavoidable stress).

Example 13 Antidepressant Activity—Despair and Open Field Tests

Rats treated with the compound of Example 1 were compared to either rats treated with the classical antidepressant, clomipramine or controls in the despair test (forced swim). The same groups were also tested for the reserpine-induced changes in open field behaviour.

13.1. Animals

Male rats of the Wistar strain (purchased from Charles River, Italy) weighing 220-240 g were used throughout all experiments. For at least 1 week prior to the experiment, the rats were housed four to a cage at a constant temperature of 21° C., and under a 12-h light/dark cycle (lights on between 08:00 and 20:00), with food and water available ad libitum.

13.2. Drugs and Treatment

A group of animals received a treatment with clomipramine hydrochloride (50 and 100 mg/kg). The drug, purchased by Sigma (USA), were freshly diluted in physiological saline and injected intraperitoneally (IP). Rats subjected to the despair test received three such injections 24, 5 and 1 hour prior to behavioural test. Physiological saline (saline) was injected IP to control animals. The compound of Example 1 (0.2 and 0.5 mg/kg) was injected IP to a group of rats.

An acute IP injection of clomipramine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg) or of the compound of Example 1 (0.2 and 0.5 mg/kg) or physiological saline was made in animals subjected to the reserpine-induced changes in the open field test (the injection was made together with the last reserpine administration, e.g. 1 h prior to the open field test).

All animals were gently manipulated by experienced facilities' keepers avoiding any environmental or physical stress. Rats subjected to drugs or physiological saline administration received an injection of a 1-mL standard volume of solution with a 23-gauge stainless steel needle of 31 mm length (for IP injections) or 21 mm length (for SC injections). The animals were randomly assigned to any treatment group and were used only once in the behavioural experiments.

13.3. Behavioural Tests

For the despair test, rats were individually forced to swim inside vertical Plexiglas cylinders containing 15 cm of water maintained at 25° C. (Nature 266: 730-732, Porsolt et al., 1977). After 15 min in the water they were removed and allowed to dry for 15 min in a heated container before being returned to their home cages. They were replaced in the cylinders 24 h later and the total duration of immobility was measured during a 5-min test. A rat was judged to be immobile whenever it remained passively floating in the water in a slightly hunched but upright position, its head just above the surface.

Reserpine-induced changes in open field behaviour was studied according to the method described in Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 293: 109-114 (Vetulani et al., 1976). Reserpine (Sigma, USA) was dissolved in physiological saline and injected daily for 14 days at the dose of 0.1 mg/kg subcutaneously (SC). A period of 1 hour after the last injection of reserpine, animals were subjected to the open field test. This consisted of the measure of ambulation and rearing of the rat in a circular area divided into 17 equal sections and lighted by a centrally suspended lamp. The areas explored by the rat at least with anterior paws was recorded in 5 min test. The episodes of rearing towards the centre or the walls were also recorded in 5 min test.

13.4. Statistical Analysis

All data were analysed using univariate random design analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) and the post hoc Dunnett's test for multiple comparisons. A P-value of 0.05 or less was considered as indicative of a significant difference. Where not indicated, one-way ANOVA revealed no significant level of variance.

The duration of immobility in the despair test (forced swim) in rats injected with physiological saline as placebo, with clomipramine 50 mg/kg or with the compound of Example 1 (0.2 and 05 mg/kg) are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Treatment Duration of Immobility Placebo (6) 167.60 □ 9.44 Clomipramine 50 mg/kg (4) 105.95 □ 9.13* Ex. 1 (Abio 09/01), 0.2 mg/kg (6) 167.00 ± 11.11 Ex. 1 (Abio 09/01), 0.5 mg/kg (6) 109.83 ± 9.12* Values are mean ± S.E.M. In parentheses the number of animals per each group is indicated. *Significantly different as compared to placebo-treated controls (p < 0.05, Dunnett's test for multiple comparisons).

The number of floor units and rearing episodes in rats injected with physiological saline as placebo, with clomipramine 50 mg/kg or with the compound of Example 1 (0.2 and 05 mg/kg).

The number of floor units and rearing episodes in rats injected with physiological saline as placebo, with clomipramine 50 mg/kg or with the compound of Example 1 (0.2 and 05 mg/kg) are shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6 No. of Rearing Treatment Floor Units Episodes Reserpine + placebo (12) 131.3 ± 12.1 6.4 ± 0.2  Reserpine + clomipramine 50 mg/kg (7)  84.6 ± 8.1* 2.4 ± 0.2* Ex. 1 (Abio 09/01), 0.2 mg/kg (12) 128.1 ± 11.9 5.9 ± 0.3  Ex. 1 (Abio 09/01), 0.5 mg/kg (12)  92.2 ± 11.1* 2.2 ± 0.5* Values are mean ± S.E.M. In parentheses the number of animals per each group is indicated. One-way ANOVA revealed no significant level of variance for treatment for “number of floor units” [F(3,29) = 2.27 (p < 0.10)] and for “rearing episodes” [F(3,29) = 2.10 (p < 0.10)]. *Significantly different as compared to reserpine + placebo controls (p < 0.05, Dunnett's test for multiple comparisons).

13.5. Results and Conclusions

These results show that rats treated with the compound of Example 1 at 0.5 mg/kg exhibit a significant decrease of immobility time in the despair test in comparison to the control group. This effect was similar to that of rats treated with clomipramine 50 mg/kg.

Open field performance in the reserpine test revealed a decreased ambulation (number of floor units entered) and rearing (number of episodes) for those rats that were treated with the compound of Example 1 at 0.5 mg/kg in comparison to the control group. These effects were similar to those of rats treated with clomipramine 50 mg/kg.

Example 14 Anxiolytic Activity—Black and White Box Test

Further studies were conducted comparing the anxiolytic effect of the compound of Example 1 and the compounds of Example 2-7 [Compounds P1-P6] with that of the marketed anxiolytic drug, diazepam, and the corresponding compound of formula (A) (Comparative Compound A).

In the black/white test system (B/W box) normal animals showed a preference for remaining in the less aversive compartment, measured as time spent in black section, as well as for exploration, measured as rearing behaviour and line crossings, as a consequence of the aversive properties of the brightly lit. The characteristic action of anxiolytic agents is to cause a redistribution of exploratory activity and time spent in the white section.

Each mouse was placed into the centre of the white, brightly lit area backing the opening between the B/W compartments. Animals behaviour was recorded by a remote video camera for 5 minutes. The recordings were subsequently evaluated on the TV by two operators unaware of drug treatment. The following behavioural parameters were recorded:

-   a) the latency of the initial movement from the white to the black     area: L (sec); -   b) the time spent in the white area TW (sec); the time spent in the     black area is calculated by the difference: 5−TW=TB (sec); -   c) the number of transitions between the two compartments T (No./5     min); -   d) the total activity in the white and black compartments, A_(tot)     (No./5 min); -   e) the total activity in the white area throughout the time spent in     the white area: A_(tot)W/TW (No./sec); -   f) the total activity in the black area throughout the time spent in     the black area: A_(tot)B/TB (No./sec); -   g) the total number of exploratory rearings: R_(tot) (No./5 min); -   h) the total number of line crossings: C_(tot) (No./5 min); -   i) the number of exploratory rearings in the white section RW/TW     (No./sec); -   j) the number of line crossings in the white section CW/TW     (No./sec).

Treatment was:

-   1 Vehicle 0 -   2 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg -   3 Comparative Compound A 0.1 mg/kg -   4 compound of Example 1, 0.1 mg/kg -   5 P1 0.1 mg/kg -   6 P2 0.1 mg/kg -   7 P3 0.1 mg/kg -   8 P4 0.1 mg/kg -   9 P5 0.1 mg/kg -   10 P6 0.1 mg/kg

Each group was composed by 8 animals.

Results are shown in the following tables.

Parameter 1: Latency L (sec) Animals Mean SD SE Vehicle CMC 5.000 16.200 10.2320 4.576 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg 8.000 13.750 6.8400 2.418 P1 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 20.125 15.5880 5.511 P2 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 19.625 8.4340 2.982 P5 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 20.625 8.2620 2.921 P6 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 14.500 6.6550 2.353

L: ANOVA comparison was not significant

Parameter 2: Time spent in White area (TW)(sec) Animals Mean SD SE Vehicle CMC 5 74.200 49.7770 22.261 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg 8 97.750 61.9860 21.915 P1 0.1 mg/kg 8 116.750 52.7140 18.637 P2 0.1 mg/kg 8 59.250 39.0340 13.801 P5 0.1 mg/kg 8 105.125 40.6360 14.367 P6 0.1 mg/kg 8 152.125 37.1580 13.137

TW: ANOVA comparison (S = significant) P-value Vehicle CMC, Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg .3902 Vehicle CMC, P1 0.1 mg/kg .1245 Vehicle CMC, P2 0.1 mg/kg .5844 Vehicle CMC, P5 0.1 mg/kg .2608 Vehicle CMC, P6 0.1 mg/kg .0065 S Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P1 0.1 mg/kg .4290 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P2 0.1 mg/kg .1134 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P5 0.1 mg/kg .7580 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .0277 |S| P1 0.1 mg/kg, P2 0.1 mg/kg .0203 S P1 0.1 mg/kg, P5 0.1 mg/kg .6275 P1 0.1 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .1447 P2 0.1 mg/kg, P5 0.1 mg/kg .0609 P2 0.1 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .0004 S P5 0.1 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .0551

Parameter 3: Transitions/5 min (T) Animals Mean SD SE Vehicle CMC 5.000 9.600 6.4650 2.891 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg 8.000 13.375 9.3490 3.306 P1 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 19.500 10.8630 3.841 P2 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 10.000 9.5320 3.370 P5 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 14.750 7.3050 2.583 P6 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 24.250 11.2220 3.968

T: ANOVA comparison P-value Vehicle CMC, Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg .4885 Vehicle CMC, P1 0.1 mg/kg .0743 Vehicle CMC, P2 0.1 mg/kg .9413 Vehicle CMC, P5 0.1 mg/kg .3459 Vehicle CMC, P6 0.1 mg/kg .0098 S Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P1 0.1 mg/kg .2033 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P2 0.1 mg/kg .4801 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P5 0.1 mg/kg .7730 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .0271 S P1 0.1 mg/kg, P2 0.1 mg/kg .0517 P1 0.1 mg/kg, P5 0.1 mg/kg .3219 P1 0.1 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .3219 P2 0.1 mg/kg, P5 0.1 mg/kg .3219 P2 0.1 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .0046 S P5 0.1 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .0517

Parameter 4: Total Activity: A_(tot) (No./5 min) Animals Mean SD SE Vehicle CMC 5.000 112.400 49.1710 21.990 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg 8.000 213.125 90.5810 32.025 P1 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 197.375 47.7670 16.888 P2 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 168.625 53.6020 18.951 P5 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 197.000 37.8490 13.382 P6 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 229.375 42.1660 14.908

A_(tot): ANOVA comparison P-value Vehicle CMC, Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg .0035 S Vehicle CMC, P1 0.1 mg/kg .0123 S Vehicle CMC, P2 0.1 mg/kg .0902 Vehicle CMC, P5 0.1 mg/kg .0126 S Vehicle CMC, P6 0.1 mg/kg .0008 S Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P1 0.1 mg/kg .5821 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P2 0.1 mg/kg .1250 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P5 0.1 mg/kg .5732 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .5702 P1 0.1 mg/kg, P2 0.1 mg/kg .3173 P1 0.1 mg/kg, P5 0.1 mg/kg .9895 P1 0.1 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .2664 P2 0.1 mg/kg, P5 0.1 mg/kg .3236 P2 0.1 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .0386 S P5 0.1 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .2610

Parameter 5: Total Activity in white area: A_(tot)W/TW (No./sec) Animals Mean SD SE Vehicle CMC 5.000 .475 .1800 .080 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg 8.000 .723 .3030 .107 P1 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 .608 .2980 .105 P2 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 .519 .2530 .089 P5 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 .571 .1570 .055 P6 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 .705 .1380 .049

A_(tot)W/TW: ANOVA comparison was not significant

Parameter 6: Total Activity in black area: A_(tot)B/TB (No./sec) Animals Mean SD SE Vehicle CMC 5.000 .341 .1450 .065 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg 8.000 .723 .3190 .113 P1 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 .652 .1380 .049 P2 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 .571 .1840 .065 P5 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 .708 .1530 .054 P6 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 .835 .1750 .062

A_(tot)B/TB: ANOVA comparison P-value Vehicle CMC, Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg .0017 S Vehicle CMC, P1 0.1 mg/kg .0091 S Vehicle CMC, P2 0.1 mg/kg .0496 S Vehicle CMC, P5 0.1 mg/kg .0025 S Vehicle CMC, P6 0.1 mg/kg <.0001 S Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P1 0.1 mg/kg .4832 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P2 0.1 mg/kg .1351 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P5 0.1 mg/kg .8796 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .2663 P1 0.1 mg/kg, P2 0.1 mg/kg .4183 P1 0.1 mg/kg, P5 0.1 mg/kg .5817 P1 0.1 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .0740 P2 0.1 mg/kg, P5 0.1 mg/kg .1774 P2 0.1 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .0115 S P5 0.1 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .2080

Parameter 7: R_(tot) (No./5 min) Animals Mean SD SE Vehicle CMC 5.000 22.600 19.6800 8.801 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg 8.000 68.750 31.4950 11.135 P1 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 60.375 23.8860 8.445 P2 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 60.250 28.7090 10.150 P5 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 69.500 20.3960 7.211 P6 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 75.625 11.6120 4.105

R_(tot): ANOVA comparison P-value Vehicle CMC, Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg .0016 S Vehicle CMC, P1 0.1 mg/kg .0083 S Vehicle CMC, P2 0.1 mg/kg .0085 S Vehicle CMC, P5 0.1 mg/kg .0013 S Vehicle CMC, P6 0.1 mg/kg .0004 S Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P1 0.1 mg/kg .4860 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P2 0.1 mg/kg .4795 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P5 0.1 mg/kg .9501 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .5669 P1 0.1 mg/kg, P2 0.1 mg/kg .9917 P1 0.1 mg/kg, P5 0.1 mg/kg .4480 P1 0.1 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .2078 P2 0.1 mg/kg, P5 0.1 mg/kg .4419 P2 0.1 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .2042 P5 0.1 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .6098

Parameter 8: C_(tot) (No./5 min) Animals Mean SD SE Vehicle CMC 5.000 89.800 30.0870 13.455 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg 8.000 144.375 60.4650 21.378 P1 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 137.000 25.7570 9.107 P2 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 108.375 27.7950 9.827 P5 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 127.500 20.3890 7.209 P6 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 153.750 32.9490 11.649

C_(tot): ANOVA comparison P-value Vehicle CMC, Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg .0107 S Vehicle CMC, P1 0.1 mg/kg .0258 S Vehicle CMC, P2 0.1 mg/kg .3673 Vehicle CMC, P5 0.1 mg/kg .0717 Vehicle CMC, P6 0.1 mg/kg .0032 S Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P1 0.1 mg/kg .6820 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P2 0.1 mg/kg .0508 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P5 0.1 mg/kg .3506 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .6027 P1 0.1 mg/kg, P2 0.1 mg/kg .1171 P1 0.1 mg/kg, P5 0.1 mg/kg .5979 P1 0.1 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .3542 P2 0.1 mg/kg, P5 0.1 mg/kg .2909 P2 0.1 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .0152 S P5 0.1 mg/kg, P6 0.1 mg/kg .1497

Parameter 9: RW/TW (No./sec) Animals Mean SD SE Vehicle CMC 5.000 .083 .0810 .036 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg 8.000 .124 .0930 .033 P1 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 .155 .1060 .038 P2 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 .099 .0900 .032 P5 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 .123 .0870 .031 P6 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 .190 .0500 .018

RW/TW: ANOVA comparison was not significant

Parameter 10: CW/TW (No./sec) Animals Mean SD SE Vehicle CMC 5.000 .391 .1150 .052 Diazepam 1.25 mg/kg 8.000 .599 .2330 .082 P1 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 .454 .1990 .071 P2 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 .420 .1790 .063 P5 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 .448 .0840 .030 P6 0.1 mg/kg 8.000 .515 .1040 .037 

1-15. (canceled)
 16. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I),

or a salt thereof, in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor; in which— X represents O or CH₂; R³ and R⁴ each independently represent hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; p represent 0 or 1; and R represents a five- or six-membered saturated or unsaturated ring selected from:

 or R represents a five- or six-membered unsaturated ring selected from:

wherein R¹ and R² together represent an oxo group, or R¹ and R² each represent hydrogen, methoxy or ethoxy, or R¹ and R² together with the interjacent carbon atom represent a 1,3-dioxolane or 1,3-dioxane ring, attached via the 2 position and optionally bearing one or more methyl or ethyl groups; or a tautomer thereof; or a salt thereof;
 17. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 16 in which R represents a five- or six-membered unsaturated ring selected from:

wherein R¹ and R² together represent an oxo group, or R¹ and R² each represent methoxy or ethoxy, or R¹ and R² together with the interjacent carbon atom represent a 1,3-dioxolane or 1,3-dioxane ring, attached via the 2 position and optionally bearing one or more methyl or ethyl groups, and p represents
 0. 18. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 16 in which R¹ and R² together represent an oxo group.
 19. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 16 in which R³ and R⁴ are identical.
 20. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 16 in which R³ and R⁴ each represents hydrogen. 